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2025, Vol. 10, Issue 1, Part B

Where do the spin and wave-particle duality of photons and charged elementary particles come from? And what structures these particles possess


Author(s): Sennian Chen

Abstract:
Until now, we do not know whether elementary particles have structure, but we cannot assert that elementary particles do not have structure, because all experiences tell us that the properties of non-living and living things are closely related to their structure. As their foundation, can the microscopic particles be excluded?
Do photons and charged fermions have structure? What structure? We study the key to the Schrödinger computation that accurately reproduce the energy levels of the Bohr model and the general solution of Schrödinger equation mathematically; we found to satisfy Schrödinger equation the charged fermions must possess a double helix structure of mass density. Such structures plus partial self-rotation make them quantized and a fixed value spin or . We prove that the Maxwell wave equation is simultaneously the Klein-Gordon equation for electromagnetic waves. Then we prove that photons have a double helix structure of EH-energy that makes photons quantized and a fixed value spin or . There is a charge in the electron (and charged fermions); a pair of charges in the photons, they distribute double helically along their side boundaries; these charges produce and carry a circular polarized E-wave and EH-wave respectively. They form two traveling-wave-particle hybrid structures. It is such hybrid structures give them traveling-wave-particle duality. Such dualities can exhibit their wave property and particle property simultaneously in the same experiments. At last, we prove that the electron cloud photo not only exhibits the probability distribution of electrons but also proves the existence of electrons’ trajectories around the nucleus; the electrons’ motions make the probability distribution. The electron probability distribution around the nucleus is causal. At last we prove that the electron in the main shells (the Eigen states) of a multi-electron atom does not radiate pure EM energy, not fall to the nucleus.


DOI: 10.22271/maths.2025.v10.i1b.1955

Pages: 109-127 | Views: 60 | Downloads: 8

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International Journal of Statistics and Applied Mathematics
How to cite this article:
Sennian Chen. Where do the spin and wave-particle duality of photons and charged elementary particles come from? And what structures these particles possess. Int J Stat Appl Math 2025;10(1):109-127. DOI: 10.22271/maths.2025.v10.i1b.1955

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