Author(s): Dr. Manish Kumar, Dr. Pooja and Dr. Shikha Tamta

Abstract: The association between chromosomal abnormalities and reduced fertility in domestic animals is well-recorded and has been studied for decades. The viability of zygotes and embryos, meiosis, and gametogenesis are all directly impacted by chromosomal abnormalities. Balanced structural rearrangements can occasionally be passed on, resulting in issues with fertility in next generations. An essential stage in the identification of sterile or infertile animals is cytogenetic analysis. For more than 50 years, researchers have studied domestic animal chromosomes. These research results unequivocally show a connection between chromosomal abnormalities and decreased fertility. The discipline of cytogenetics has seen several stages of growth over the years. According to the number of discoveries and publications, the 1980s and 1990s were the height of animal clinical cytogenetics. During this time, chromosomal naming systems for the majority of domestic animals were created, and a large number of chromosome aberrations were documented. Accurate categorization of diseases of sex development (DSD) also depends on the examination of sex chromosomes. For a long time, chromosomal research mostly focused on cattle species, but more lately, there has been an increase in interest in such studies in companion animals. With the development of new molecular and cytogenetic tools and methods, chromosomal mutations may now be identified with greater accuracy. In addition to chromosomal banding, fluorescence in situ hybridization is one of them and is the industry standard. Recent developments in the cytogenetic diagnosis of cattle, pigs, horses, dogs, and cats are discussed in this review.

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